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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For the branch of study in the humanities, see <a href="Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Classism</a>.</span></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;">

<a href="Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-">

<ul><li><a href="Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_the_classics" title="Christian views on the classics">Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_education" title="Classical education">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_element" title="Classical element">Element</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_language" title="Classical language">Language</a></li></ul></td>

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<a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-">

<ul><li><a href="Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">Physics</a></li></ul></td>

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20th-century neoclassicism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-">

<ul><li><a href="Neoclassicism#Later_Neoclassicism_and_continuations" title="Neoclassicism">Between World War I and II</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Neoclassical_ballet" title="Neoclassical ballet">Ballet</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Great books">Philosophy</a></li></ul></td>

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<p><b>Classicism</b>, in <a href="The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>, refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, <a href="Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. In its purest form, classicism is an aesthetic attitude dependent on principles based in the culture, art and literature of <a href="Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and <a href="Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, with the emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, clarity of structure, perfection and restrained emotion, as well as explicit appeal to the intellect.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the <i><a href="Discobolus" title="Discobolus">Discobolus</a></i> <a href="Sir_Kenneth_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Kenneth Clark">Sir Kenneth Clark</a> observed, "if we object to his restraint and compression we are simply objecting to the classicism of <a href="Classic" title="Classic">classic</a> art. A violent emphasis or a sudden acceleration of rhythmic movement would have destroyed those qualities of balance and completeness through which it retained until the present century its position of authority in the restricted repertoire of visual images."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classicism, as Clark noted, implies a canon of widely accepted ideal forms, whether in the <a href="Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a> that he was examining in <i>The Nude</i> (1956).

</p><p>Classicism is a force which is often present in post-medieval European and European influenced traditions; however, some periods felt themselves more connected to the classical ideals than others, particularly the <a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> was an important movement in the visual arts.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_term">General term</h2></div>

<p>Classicism is a specific genre of philosophy, expressing itself in literature, architecture, art, and music, which has Ancient Greek and Roman sources and an emphasis on <a href="Society" title="Society">society</a>. It was particularly expressed in the <a href="Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>.

</p><p>Classicism is a recurrent tendency in the <a href="Late_Antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique">Late Antique</a> period, and had a major revival in <a href="Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a> and <a href="Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian art</a>. There was another, more durable revival in the <a href="Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> when the fall of <a href="Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> and rising trade with the Islamic cultures brought a flood of knowledge about, and from, the antiquity of <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Until that time, the identification with antiquity had been seen as a continuous history of <a href="Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> from the conversion of Roman Emperor <a href="Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. <a href="Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> classicism introduced a host of elements into European culture, including the application of mathematics and <a href="Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a> into art, <a href="Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, literary and depictive <a href="Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>, and <a href="Formalism_(philosophy)" title="Formalism (philosophy)">formalism</a>. Importantly it also introduced <a href="Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a>, or "<a href="Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>" , and the juxtaposition of ancient and modern.

</p><p>The classicism of the Renaissance led to, and gave way to, a different sense of what was "classical" in the 16th and 17th centuries. In this period, classicism took on more overtly structural overtones of orderliness, predictability, the use of geometry and grids, the importance of rigorous discipline and pedagogy, as well as the formation of schools of art and music. The court of Louis XIV was seen as the center of this form of classicism, with its references to the gods of <a href="Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a> as a symbolic prop for absolutism, its adherence to axiomatic and deductive reasoning, and its love of order and predictability.

</p><p>This period sought the revival of classical art forms, including Greek drama and music. <a href="Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a>, in its modern European form, had its roots in attempts to recreate the combination of singing and dancing with theatre thought to be the Greek norm. Examples of this appeal to classicism included <a href="Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, Petrarch, and Shakespeare in <a href="Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> and <a href="Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>. Tudor drama, in particular, modeled itself after classical ideals and divided works into <a href="Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a>. Studying <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> became regarded as essential for a well-rounded education in the <a href="Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a>.

</p><p>The Renaissance also explicitly returned to architectural models and techniques associated with Greek and Roman antiquity, including the <a href="Golden_rectangle" title="Golden rectangle">golden rectangle</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a key proportion for buildings, the classical orders of <a href="Columns" class="mw-redirect" title="Columns">columns</a>, as well as a host of ornament and detail associated with Greek and Roman architecture. They also began reviving plastic arts such as <a href="Bronze_casting" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze casting">bronze casting</a> for sculpture, and used the classical naturalism as the foundation of <a href="Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a>, <a href="Painting" title="Painting">painting</a> and sculpture.

</p><p>The <a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> identified itself with a vision of antiquity which, while continuous with the classicism of the previous century, was shaken by the <a href="Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> of Sir <a href="Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, the improvements in machinery and measurement, and a sense of liberation which they saw as being present in the Greek civilization, particularly in its struggles against the Persian Empire. The ornate, organic, and complexly integrated forms of the <a href="Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> were to give way to a series of movements that regarded themselves expressly as "classical" or "<a href="Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neo-classical</a>", or would rapidly be labelled as such. For example, the painting of <a href="Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> was seen as an attempt to return to formal balance, clarity, manliness, and vigor in art.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The 19th century saw the classical age as being the precursor of academicism, including such movements as <a href="Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">uniformitarianism</a> in the sciences, and the creation of rigorous categories in artistic fields. Various movements of the Romantic period saw themselves as classical revolts against a prevailing trend of emotionalism and irregularity, for example the <a href="Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this point, classicism was old enough that previous classical movements received revivals; for example, the Renaissance was seen as a means to combine the organic medieval with the orderly classical. The 19th century continued or extended many classical programs in the sciences, most notably the Newtonian program to account for the movement of energy between bodies by means of exchange of mechanical and thermal energy.

</p><p>The 20th century saw a number of changes in the arts and sciences. Classicism was used both by those who rejected, or saw as temporary, transfigurations in the political, scientific, and social world and by those who embraced the changes as a means to overthrow the perceived weight of the 19th century. Thus, both pre-20th century disciplines were labelled "classical" and modern movements in art which saw themselves as aligned with light, space, sparseness of texture, and formal coherence.

</p><p>In the present day <a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> classicism is used as a term particularly in relation to <a href="Apollonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonian">Apollonian</a> over <a href="Dionysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysian">Dionysian</a> impulses in society and art; that is a preference for rationality, or at least rationally guided catharsis, over <a href="Appearance_emotionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Appearance emotionalism">emotionalism</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_theatre">In the theatre</h2></div>

<p>Classicism in the <a href="Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a> was developed by 17th century French <a href="Playwright" title="Playwright">playwrights</a> from what they judged to be the rules of <a href="History_of_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="History of theater">Greek classical theatre</a>, including the "<a href="Classical_unities" title="Classical unities">Classical unities</a>" of time, place and action, found in the <i><a href="Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> of <a href="Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>.

</p>

<ul><li>Unity of time referred to the need for the entire action of the play to take place in a fictional 24-hour period</li>

<li>Unity of place meant that the action should unfold in a single location</li>

<li>Unity of action meant that the play should be constructed around a single 'plot-line', such as a tragic love affair or a conflict between <a href="Honour" title="Honour">honour</a> and <a href="Duty" title="Duty">duty</a>.</li></ul>

<p>Examples of classicist playwrights are <a href="Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a>, <a href="Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a> and <a href="Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>. In the period of <a href="Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, <a href="Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, who conformed to none of the classical rules, became the focus of French argument over them, in which the Romantics eventually triumphed; <a href="Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> was among the first French playwrights to break these conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The influence of these French rules on playwrights in other nations is debatable. In the English theatre, Restoration playwrights such as <a href="William_Wycherley" title="William Wycherley">William Wycherley</a> and <a href="William_Congreve" title="William Congreve">William Congreve</a> would have been familiar with them. <a href="William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and his contemporaries did not follow this Classicist philosophy, in particular since they were not French and also because they wrote several decades prior to their establishment. Those of Shakespeare's plays that seem to display the unities, such as <i><a href="The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably indicate a familiarity with actual models from <a href="Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>.

</p><p>Most famous 18th-century Italian playwright and libretist <a href="Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a> created a hybrid style of playwriting (combining the model of Molière with the strengths of <a href="Commedia_dell'arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a> and his own wit and sincerity).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2></div>

<p>The literary classicism drew inspiration from the qualities of proportion of the major works of <a href="Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient Greek</a> and <a href="Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baldick_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baldick-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greene_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The 17th–18th centuries significant Classical writers (principally, playwrights and poets) include <a href="Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a>, <a href="Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a>, <a href="John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>, <a href="William_Wycherley" title="William Wycherley">William Wycherley</a>, <a href="William_Congreve" title="William Congreve">William Congreve</a>, <a href="Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, <a href="Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a>, <a href="Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>, <a href="Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a>, and <a href="Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_architecture">In architecture</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical architecture</a> and <a href="Outline_of_classical_architecture" title="Outline of classical architecture">Outline of classical architecture</a></div>

<p>Classicism in architecture developed during the <a href="Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>, notably in the writings and designs of <a href="Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> and the work of <a href="Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It places emphasis on <a href="Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a>, <a href="Proportion_(architecture)" title="Proportion (architecture)">proportion</a>, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of Classical antiquity and, in particular, the <a href="Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">architecture of Ancient Rome</a>, of which many examples remained.

</p><p>Orderly arrangements of <a href="Column" title="Column">columns</a>, <a href="Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a> and <a href="Lintel" title="Lintel">lintels</a>, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical <a href="Dome" title="Dome">domes</a>, <a href="Niche_(architecture)" title="Niche (architecture)">niches</a> and <a href="Aedicule" class="mw-redirect" title="Aedicule">aedicules</a> replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of <a href="Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">medieval</a> buildings. This style quickly spread to other Italian cities and then to France, Germany, England, Russia and elsewhere.

</p><p>In the 16th century, <a href="Sebastiano_Serlio" title="Sebastiano Serlio">Sebastiano Serlio</a> helped codify the <a href="Classical_order" title="Classical order">classical orders</a> and <a href="Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>'s legacy evolved into the long tradition of <a href="Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian architecture</a>. Building off of these influences, the 17th-century architects <a href="Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> firmly established classicism in England.

</p><p>For the development of classicism from the mid-18th-century onwards, see <a href="Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><i>For Greek art of the 5th century B.C.E., see <a href="Art_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in ancient Greece">Classical art in ancient Greece</a> and the <a href="Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></i></li></ul>

<p><a href="Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance painting</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> are marked by their renewal of classical forms, motifs and subjects. In the 15th century <a href="Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> was important in theorizing many of the ideas for painting that came to a fully realized product with <a href="Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s <i><a href="The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">School of Athens</a></i> during the <a href="High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a>. The themes continued largely unbroken into the 17th century, when artists such as <a href="Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a> and <a href="Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a> represented of the more rigid classicism. Like Italian classicizing ideas in the 15th and 16th centuries, it spread through Europe in the mid to late 17th century.

</p><p>Later classicism in painting and sculpture from the mid-18th and 19th centuries is generally referred to as <a href="Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_philosophy">Political philosophy</h2></div>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #98285c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<li><a href="Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<ul><li><a href="Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a></li>

<li><a href="Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a></li>

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<li><a href="Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li>

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<li><a href="Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<ul><li><a href="G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_St_John%2C_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li>

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<li><a href="Roger_L'Estrange" title="Roger L'Estrange">L'Estrange</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<ul><li><a href="Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_St_John%2C_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Hyde%2C_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li>

<li><a href="Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li>

<li><a href="Laurence_Hyde%2C_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">Rochester</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #98285c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li>

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<li><a href="Veronese_Easter" title="Veronese Easter">Veronese Easter</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AConservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3APolitics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical republicanism</a></div>

<p>Classicism in political philosophy dates back to the <a href="Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a>. Western political philosophy is often attributed to the great Greek philosopher <a href="Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>. Although political theory of this time starts with Plato, it quickly becomes complex when Plato's pupil, Aristotle, formulates his own ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The political theories of both philosophers are closely tied to their ethical theories, and their interest is in questions concerning constitutions or forms of government."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>However, Plato and Aristotle are not the seedbed but simply the seeds that grew from a seedbed of political predecessors who had debated this topic for centuries before their time. For example, <a href="Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> sketched out a debate between <a href="Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, a king of the time, and <a href="Creon_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Creon of Thebes">Creon</a>'s messenger. The debate simply shows proponents of democracy, monarchy, and oligarchy and how they all feel about these forms of government. Herodotus' sketch is just one of the beginning seedbeds for which Plato and Aristotle grew their own political theories.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Another Greek philosopher who was pivotal in the development of Classical political philosophy was <a href="Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>. Although he was not a theory-builder, he often stimulated fellow citizens with paradoxes that challenged them to reflect on their own beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socrates thought "the values that ought to determine how individuals live their lives should also shape the political life of the community."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he believed the people of Athens involved wealth and money too much into the politics of their city. He judged the citizens for the way they amassed wealth and power over simple things like projects for their community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Just like Plato and Aristotle, Socrates did not come up with these ideas alone. Socrates ideals stem back from <a href="Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a> and other 'sophists'. These 'teachers of political arts' were the first to think and act as Socrates did. Where the two diverge is in the way they practiced their ideals. Protagoras' ideals were loved by Athens. Whereas Socrates challenged and pushed the citizens and he was not as loved.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the end, ancient Greece is to be credited with the foundation of Classical political philosophy.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a></li>

<li><a href="Quarrel_of_the_Ancients_and_the_Moderns" title="Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns">Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns</a></li>

<li><a href="Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWalters2011" class="citation journal cs1">Walters, Kerry (September 2011). "JOURNAL ARTICLE Review". <i>Church History</i>. <b>80</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">691–</span>693. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009640711000990">10.1017/S0009640711000990</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41240671">41240671</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163191669">163191669</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1969" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, James William (1969). "What Was Neo-Classicism?". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>70. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385580">10.1086/385580</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175167">175167</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144293227">144293227</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBakogianni2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bakogianni, Anastasia (2012). <a href="Gonda_Van_Steen" title="Gonda Van Steen">"Theatre of the Condemned. Classical Tragedy on Greek Prison Islands by G. VAN STEEN"</a>. <i>The Journal of Hellenic Studies</i>. <b>132</b>: <span class="nowrap">294–</span>296. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0075426912001140">10.1017/S0075426912001140</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41722362">41722362</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2015" class="citation web cs1">Palmer, Lauren (2015-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.artnet.com/art-world/golden-ratio-in-art-328435">"History of the Golden Ratio in Art"</a>. <i>artnet News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGalitz2004" class="citation web cs1">Galitz, Kathryn (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jldv/hd_jldv.htm">"The Legacy of Jacques Louis David (1748–1825)"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"JOURNAL ARTICLE The Pre-Raphaelites". <i>Bulletin of the Fogg Art Museum</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">62–</span>63. November 1943. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4301128">4301128</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNASH2006" class="citation journal cs1">NASH, SUZANNE (2006). "Casting Hugo into History". <i>Nineteenth-Century French Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>205. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-7891">0146-7891</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23538386">23538386</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPierce1999" class="citation journal cs1">Pierce, Robert B. (Spring 1999). "Understanding "The Tempest"". <i>New Literary History</i>. <b>30</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">373–</span>388. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnlh.1999.0028">10.1353/nlh.1999.0028</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20057542">20057542</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144654529">144654529</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Baldick-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baldick_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBaldick2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Chris_Baldick" title="Chris Baldick">Baldick, Chris</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198715443.001.0001/acref-9780198715443-e-209?rskey=mEPvik&result=210">"Classicism"</a>. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198715443.001.0001/acref-9780198715443"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(Online Version)</span> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780191783234</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Greene-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greene_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Roland_Greene" title="Roland Greene">Greene, Roland</a>; et al., eds. (2012). "Neoclassical poetics". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKiC6IeFR2UC"><i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics</i></a> (4th rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-691-15491-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_European_Paintings2002" class="citation web cs1">Department of European Paintings (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/itar/hd_itar.htm">"Architecture in Renaissance Italy"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Christy (1997). "Masculine and Unaffected: Inigo Jones and the Classical Ideal". <i>Art Journal</i>. <b>56</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">48–</span>54. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F777678">10.2307/777678</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3249">0004-3249</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/777678">777678</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen1978" class="citation journal cs1">Larsen, Michael (March 1978). "Italian Renaissance Painting by John Hale". <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Arts</i>. <b>126</b> (5260): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>244. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41372753">41372753</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDevereux2011" class="citation journal cs1">Devereux, Daniel (2011-09-02). Klosko, George (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0007">"Classical Political Philosophy: Plato and Aristotle"</a></span>. <i>Oxford Handbooks Online</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199238804.003.0007">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0007</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKallendorf2007" class="citation book cs1">Kallendorf, Craig (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sSSIL2b6b9QC&q=intitle:companion+intitle:to+intitle:the+intitle:classical+intitle:tradition+inauthor:Kallendorf"><i>A Companion to the Classical Tradition</i></a>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781405122948</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-06</span></span>.</cite> Essays by various authors on topics related to historical periods, places, and themes. Limited preview online.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-classici.html">Renaissance & Classicism from encyclopedia</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics259" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aesthetics259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li>

<li><a href="African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li>

<li><a href="Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li>

<li><a href="Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>

<li><a href="B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li>

<li><a href="R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li>

<li><a href="Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li>

<li><a href="Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li>

<li><a href="Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li>

<li><a href="Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li>

<li><a href="Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li>

<li><a href="Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li>

<li><a href="I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li>

<li><a href="Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li>

<li><a href="Jun'ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li>

<li><a href="Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li>

<li><a href="Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li>

<li><a href="Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li>

<li><a href="Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li>

<li><a href="Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li>

<li><a href="Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li>

<li><a href="Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li>

<li><a href="Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li>

<li><a href="Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li>

<li><a href="Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li>

<li><a href="Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li>

<li><a href="Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li>

<li><a href="Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li>

<li><a href="Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li>

<li><a href="Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li>

<li><a href="Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li>

<li><a href="Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li>

<li><a href="Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 100)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 500)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="On_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Sublime and Beautiful">On the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1757)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1835)</span></li>

<li>"<a href="The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1891)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1933)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1934)</span></li>

<li>"<a href="The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1935)</span></li>

<li>"<a href="Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1946)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1977)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li>

<li>Category</li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3APhilosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_architecture220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_architecture220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">History of architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_architectural_styles" title="Timeline of architectural styles">Architectural timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_construction" title="History of construction">History of construction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic</a></li>

<li><a href="Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a></li>

<li>Aegean

<ul><li><a href="Minoan_civilization#Architecture" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycenaean_Greece#Architecture" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li>

<li><a href="Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_architecture#Pre-Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Pre-Islamic Persian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a></li>

<li>East Slavic

<ul><li><a href="Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus'" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_church_architecture" title="Russian church architecture">Muscovite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li>

<li><a href="Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li>

<li><a href="Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li>

<li><a href="Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_architecture#Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Islamic Persian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a>

<ul><li><a href="Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>

<ul><li><a href="Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Indian

<ul><li><a href="Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li>

<li><a href="Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Islamic

<ul><li><a href="Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li>

<li><a href="Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li>

<li><a href="Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li>

<li><a href="Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venetian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mud%C3%A9jar_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudéjar style">Mudéjar</a></li>

<li><a href="Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Incan</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Aztec</a></li>

<li><a href="Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1750</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li>

<li><a href="Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial</a></li>

<li><a href="Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Provincial_architecture" title="French Provincial architecture">French Provincial</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1750–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a>

<ul><li><a href="Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li>

<li><a href="Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Czech</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Maltese</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li>

<li><a href="Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Russo-Byzantine</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial</a></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque</a></li>

<li><a href="Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Mughal</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li>

<li><a href="Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo</a></li>

<li>Queen Anne

<ul><li><a href="British_Queen_Anne_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Queen Anne Revival">Britain</a></li>

<li><a href="New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture" title="New World Queen Anne Revival architecture">America and Australia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li>

<li><a href="Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor</a></li>

<li><a href="Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venetian Gothic Revival</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberty_style" title="Liberty style">Liberty style</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Art_Nouveau" title="Ukrainian Art Nouveau">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swiss_chalet_style" title="Swiss chalet style">Swiss chalet</a></li>

<li><a href="Carpenter_Gothic" title="Carpenter Gothic">Carpenter Gothic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li>

<li><a href="Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li>

<li><a href="Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li>

<li><a href="Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li>

<li><a href="Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li>

<li><a href="Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarianism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Imperial_Crown_Style" title="Imperial Crown Style">Imperial Crown</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li>

<li><a href="Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li>

<li><a href="PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li>

<li><a href="Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li>

<li><a href="Mid-century_modern" title="Mid-century modern">Mid-century modern</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Khmer_Architecture" title="New Khmer Architecture">New Khmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li>

<li><a href="Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco Revival</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neo-Chinese_style" title="Neo-Chinese style">Neo-Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li>

<li><a href="Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></li>

<li><a href="Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_architecture" title="Mesoamerican architecture">Mesoamerican</a>

<li><a href="Newa_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa architecture">Newari</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Architecture">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br>(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li>

<li><a href="Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li>

<li><a href="Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li>

<li><a href="Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li>

<li><a href="Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li>

<li><a href="Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li>

<li><a href="Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li>

<li><a href="Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a>

<ul><li><a href="Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li>

<li><a href="Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li>

<li><a href="Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li>

<li><a href="Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li>

<li><a href="Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li>

<li><a href="Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a>

<ul><li><a href="Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li>

<li><a href="Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li>

<li><a href="Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li>

<li><a href="Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li>

<li><a href="Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li>

<li><a href="Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_school" title="Moscow school">Moscow school</a></li>

<li><a href="Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir-Suzdal_school" title="Vladimir-Suzdal school">Vladimir-Suzdal school</a></li>

<li><a href="Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li>

<li>Medieval <a href="History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li>

<li><a href="Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a>

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a>

<ul><li><a href="School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a>

<ul><li><a href="High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a>

<ul><li><a href="World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li>

<li><a href="Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li>

<li><a href="Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li>

<li><a href="School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baroque_in_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li>

<li><a href="Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li>

<li><a href="Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a>

<ul><li><a href="Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a>

<ul><li><a href="Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li>

<li><a href="Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#In_the_fine_arts">Classicism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li>

<li><a href="Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li>

<li><i><a href="F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>

<li><a href="Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li>

<li><a href="Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Art of the <a href="African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>

<ul><li><a href="African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li>

<li><a href="Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a>

<ul><li><a href="Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li>Colonial Asian art

<ul><li><a href="Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a>

<ul><li><a href="Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li>

<li><a href="Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li>

<li><a href="Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li>

<li><a href="Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br>Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li>

<li><a href="Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li>

<li><a href="Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li>

<li>Western influence in <a href="Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br>to modern</a><br>(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li>

<li><a href="Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a>

<ul><li><a href="Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li>

<li><a href="Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li>

<li><a href="Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li>

<li><a href="Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li>

<li><a href="Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a>

<ul><li><a href="Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br>(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li>

<li><a href="Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li>

<li><a href="Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li>

<li><a href="Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">Symbolism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li>

<li><a href="Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li>

<li><a href="Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a>

<ul><li><a href="California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>

<ul><li><a href="Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li>

<li><a href="California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li>

<li><a href="School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a>

<ul><li><a href="Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li>

<li><a href="Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li>

<li><a href="Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li>

<li><a href="Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li>

<li><a href="Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li>

<li><a href="Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li>

<li><a href="Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li>

<li><a href="Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li>

<li><a href="Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li>

<li><a href="Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li>

<li><a href="School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li>

<li><a href="Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li>

<li><a href="Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a>

<ul><li><a href="Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li>

<li><a href="Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a>

<ul><li><a href="November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li>

<li><a href="Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li>

<li><a href="Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li>

<li><a href="Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Group_(New_Zealand_art)" title="The Group (New Zealand art)">The Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li>

<li><a href="Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li>

<li><a href="Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br>and <a href="Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br>(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li>

<li><a href="Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li>

<li><a href="Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li>

<li><a href="Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li>

<li><a href="COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li>

<li><a href="Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li>

<li><a href="Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li>

<li><a href="Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a>

<li><a href="New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li>

<li><a href="Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li>

<li><a href="Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li>

<li><a href="Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li>

<li><a href="Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li>

<li><a href="Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li>

<li><a href="Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li>

<li><a href="Institutional_critique" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a>

<li><a href="Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_visual_art" title="Artificial intelligence visual art">Artificial intelligence visual art</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li>

<li><a href="Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li>

<li><a href="Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li>

<li><a href="Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li>

<li><a href="Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li>

<li><a href="Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li>

<li><a href="Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li>

<li><a href="Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li>

<li><a href="New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li>

<li><a href="Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a></li>

<li><a href="Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li>

<li><a href="Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li>

<li><a href="Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li>

<li><a href="Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li>

<li><a href="Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li>

<li><a href="Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Apartment_Art" title="Chinese Apartment Art">Chinese Apartment Art</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br>present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li>

<li><a href="Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li>

<li><a href="Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li>

<li><a href="Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li>

<li><a href="Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li>

<li><a href="Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li>

<li><a href="Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li>

<li><a href="Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li>

<li><a href="Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li>

<li><a href="Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a>

<ul><li><a href="SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li>

<li><a href="Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li>

<li><a href="Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li>

<li><a href="Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li>

<li><a href="Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li>

<li><a href="Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li>

<li><a href="History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li>

<li><a href="Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li>

<li><a href="Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li>

<li><a href="Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li>

<li><a href="Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li>

<li><a href="Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li>

<li><a href="Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li>

<li><a href="Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Trompe-l'%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_world_and_culture240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li>

<li><a href="Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>

<ul><li><a href="Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li>

<li><a href="Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a>

<ul><li><a href="Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li>

<li><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li>

<li><a href="Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li>

<li><a href="War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li>

<li><a href="European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a>

<li><a href="Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li>

<li><a href="Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Music" title="Music">Music</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_medieval_musical_instruments" title="List of European medieval musical instruments">Instruments</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a>

<ul><li><a href="20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Values_(Western_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a>

<ul><li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li>

<li><a href="Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>

<li><a href="Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li>

<li><a href="Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li>

<li><a href="Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li>

<li><a href="Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>

<li><a href="Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li>

<li><a href="Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br>integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li>

<li><a href="ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li>

<li><a href="Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li>

<li><a href="AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li>

<li><a href="AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li>

<li><a href="Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li>

<li><a href="British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li>

<li><a href="CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li>

<li><a href="Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li>

<li><a href="Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li>

<li><a href="Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li>

<li><a href="Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li>

<li><a href="Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li>

<li><a href="Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul>

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